Al Qarawiyyin Mosque: The World’s Oldest University and Spiritual Heart of Fez

The Al Qarawiyyin Mosque (also spelled Al Quaraouiyine, Al-Karaouine, or Al-Qarawiyyin) is not only one of the most important religious landmarks in Morocco, but also one of the most influential institutions in the intellectual history of the world. Located in the heart of Fez Medina, this mosque is widely recognized by UNESCO and historians as the oldest continuously operating university in the world, founded in the 9th century.

More than a place of worship, Al Qarawiyyin represents a powerful intersection of Islamic faith, education, architecture, and cultural exchange that shaped Morocco, North Africa, Europe, and beyond.

What Is Al Qarawiyyin Mosque?

The Al Qarawiyyin Mosque is a major Islamic mosque and learning center located in Fez, Morocco. It serves three essential roles:

• A mosque for daily and Friday prayers

• A university that educated scholars for over 1,100 years

• A cultural symbol of Morocco’s intellectual legacy

It is often referred to as Al Qarawiyyin University, making it unique among religious buildings worldwide.

Who Founded Al Qarawiyyin Mosque?

One of the most remarkable facts about Al Qarawiyyin Mosque is who founded it.

Fatima al-Fihri: A Woman Behind a Global Legacy

The mosque was founded in 859 CE by Fatima al-Fihri, a Muslim woman from a wealthy family originally from Kairouan (modern-day Tunisia). Using her inheritance, she commissioned the mosque as an act of faith, charity, and education.

This makes Al Qarawiyyin:

• One of the oldest Islamic institutions

• One of the earliest universities founded by a woman

• A symbol of female contribution to global knowledge, centuries before modern universities existed

Al Qarawiyyin: The Oldest University in the World

Is Al Qarawiyyin Really the Oldest University?

Yes. According to UNESCO and the Guinness World Records, Al Qarawiyyin is officially recognized as:

The oldest continuously operating degree-granting university in the world

Founded more than 200 years before Oxford and 300 years before the University of Bologna, it predates most Western institutions.

What Was Taught at Al Qarawiyyin?

The curriculum was surprisingly broad and advanced for its time, including:

• Islamic theology (Fiqh, Quran, Hadith)

• Arabic grammar and linguistics

• Mathematics and algebra

• Astronomy

• Medicine

• Philosophy

• Logic

• Geography

Teaching was done in open courtyards, under arches, and around pillars — a system that influenced later European universities.

Famous Scholars Who Studied at Al Qarawiyyin

Al Qarawiyyin was a magnet for scholars from Africa, the Middle East, and Europe.

Some notable figures include:

• Ibn Khaldun – Father of sociology and historiography

• Al-Idrisi – Renowned geographer and mapmaker

• Maimonides – Jewish philosopher and physician

• Gerbert of Aurillac (later Pope Sylvester II) – Introduced Arabic numerals to Europe

This multicultural legacy makes Al Qarawiyyin a rare example of interfaith and intercultural knowledge exchange.

Al Qarawiyyin Mosque Architecture: A Living Masterpiece

Moroccan-Andalusian Design

The architecture of Al Qarawiyyin Mosque reflects centuries of Moroccan and Andalusian craftsmanship.

Key architectural features include:

• Horseshoe arches

• Zellige tilework

• Carved cedar wood

• Stucco geometric patterns

• Marble fountains

The mosque was expanded by multiple dynasties, including the Almoravids, Marinids, and Saadians, each adding new layers without destroying the original structure.

The Minaret

The square minaret is one of the oldest in Morocco and served as a prototype for later Moroccan mosques.

The Library of Al Qarawiyyin: A Hidden Treasure

One of the Oldest Libraries in the World

The Al Qarawiyyin Library, restored and reopened in recent years, houses manuscripts that are over 1,000 years old.

Rare items include:

• A 9th-century Quran written on camel parchment

• Original works by Ibn Khaldun

• Ancient medical and astronomical texts

• Early Islamic legal manuscripts

The library restoration included modern preservation technology while respecting traditional design.

Religious Importance of Al Qarawiyyin Mosque

For Moroccans, Al Qarawiyyin is more than history — it is spiritual authority.

• It has shaped Maliki Islamic jurisprudence in Morocco

• Many Moroccan imams and scholars were trained there

• It remains a symbol of religious authenticity and learning

Friday prayers at Al Qarawiyyin are considered especially significant in Fez.

Can You Visit Al Qarawiyyin Mosque?

Are Non-Muslims Allowed Inside?

Like most traditional mosques in Morocco:

• Non-Muslims cannot enter the prayer hall

• Visitors can view the mosque from designated doors and courtyards

• The exterior and surroundings are fully accessible

The library, when open to the public, may allow limited access depending on regulations.

Al Qarawiyyin Mosque vs Other Famous Mosques

Al Qarawiyyin stands apart for continuous operation and academic influence.

Why Al Qarawiyyin Matters Today

In a modern world, Al Qarawiyyin remains relevant because it represents:

• Knowledge without borders

• Education as worship

• Women’s leadership in history

• Peaceful coexistence of cultures

It challenges the idea that universities are a modern Western invention.

How to Visit Al Qarawiyyin in Fez

Location

• Fez el-Bali (Old Medina)

• Near traditional souks and madrasas

Best Time to Visit

• Morning for light and photography

• Avoid prayer times for easier viewing

Dress Code

• Modest clothing

• Covered shoulders and knees

Lesser-Known Facts About Al Qarawiyyin Mosque

• It influenced European university graduation systems

• Teaching circles were open, not classroom-based

• Students traveled months to study there

• The mosque was earthquake-resistant due to its structure

• Fatima al-Fihri reportedly fasted during construction

 

Discover More:

• Morocco History: A Journey Through Time in the Land of Kings and Culture
• The Archaeological Site of Volubilis: Unveiling Morocco’s Ancient Roman Legacy
• Architecture in Morocco: A Living Tapestry of History, Culture, and Innovation
• Morocco Cooking Class: The Ultimate Guide to Moroccan Cuisine Experiences in Marrakech, Fez & Essaouira

Conclusion: Al Qarawiyyin Mosque, Morocco’s Intellectual Crown

The Al Qarawiyyin Mosque is not just a religious monument — it is a cornerstone of global civilization. As the oldest university in the world, founded by a woman, and sustained for over a millennium, it embodies Morocco’s deep commitment to knowledge, faith, and cultural exchange.

For travelers, historians, and seekers of meaning, Al Qarawiyyin is not simply something to see — it is something to understand.